Yes.HOA’s and covenants are voluntary agreements. At the time they are created they typically require all property owners to agree to them being placed on their property in Indiana, I have heard some odd sounding stuff from other states.
Restrictive covenants, including HOAs, are usually created by the developer when it owns all of the property. It can put whatever restrictions it wants (within the law) in the deed for each parcel that is sold including the power of the HOA, various subdivision standards, etc. The restrictive covenants (including the HOA) then "run with the land" and apply to every subsequent owner. If you don't like the restrictive covenants, look elsewhere.
AFTER the developer sells the property without restrictive covenants in place, a group of homeowners can all agree to put restrictive covenants in their deeds, individually and voluntarily, but no one can force any single resident to accept restrictive covenants that did not exist when they bought, if they do not want to- no vote of any number.
Now, if there is no HOA, things get fun if a person has enough political clout to get ordinances passed (municipal, county) which mimic things an HOA may do. Then, the ordinances (assuming compliance with state law, etc.) apply to everyone. Obviously, it's much, much harder to be overbearing using this technique, but not impossible.
I carefully avoided the use of the term "neighborhood" above.
A place where people are trying to control each other, all PO'd at each other, completely impolite to each other and itching for a fight may be a lot of things, but it's not a "neighborhood". It's people living near each other.